Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs)
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare tumours that develop from neuroendocrine cells.
Overview
Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare tumours that develop from neuroendocrine cells. These specialised cells receive signals from the nervous system and release hormones into the bloodstream. NETs most commonly occur in the digestive system (such as the small bowel, pancreas or rectum) and the lungs. Some grow slowly, while others are more aggressive. Some NETs produce excess hormones (functioning tumours), while others do not (non-functioning tumours).
Causes and Genetics
In most cases, the cause of a neuroendocrine tumour is unknown and they occur sporadically. Rarely, NETs may be associated with inherited conditions such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).
Symptoms and Features
Symptoms depend on tumour location and whether it produces hormones. Some tumours are found incidentally.
Symptoms Related to Tumour Location
- Abdominal pain
- Change in bowel habits
- Unexplained weight loss
- Cough or breathlessness depending on the site
Hormone-Related Symptoms (Functioning Tumours)
- Carcinoid syndrome: flushing, diarrhoea, wheezing and abdominal cramping
- Insulin-producing tumours: repeated low blood sugar causing sweating, shakiness and confusion
- Gastrin-producing tumours: severe reflux and recurrent stomach ulcers
- Glucagon-producing tumours: high blood sugar, weight loss and a skin rash
Treatment
Patients are usually managed through specialist neuroendocrine tumour centres.
Research and Future Directions
Ongoing research is focused on improving targeted therapies, expanding access to PRRT and developing personalised treatment approaches. Advances in imaging and treatment continue to improve outcomes and quality of life.